The Importance of Motivation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Importance of Motivation - Research Paper Example The researcher states that motivation applies in many areas including the classroom, working place and even at the home place. This paper will discuss the importance of motivation in the mentioned areas, the positive effects of motivation and the happenings if there is no motivation. In a classroom with no motivation, the students with less learning capabilities or rather those who are slow in learning get disadvantaged. They become frustrated and bored with assigned tasks that they cannot handle. These students tend to have little interest during class time thus their concentration lowered. Their view of the importance of education is changed and such students will take it as a burden. Their attendance for classes decreases while some can even stop schooling. In a classroom, motivation comes in where the students feel some sense of belonging. The teachers base the syllabus according to the interests of the students. The students instructed using different approaches. Some theory wor k put into practice to break the monotony of being in a classroom. The students have the opportunity to make decisions about how they prefer to learn a given subject or topic. Motivation in a classroom is important since it has a positive result in the long run. The desired achievements of success attained. The gap between the fast and slow learners brought closer. The courage, pride, behavior, and performance of motivated students generally rise compared to those who are not motivated. A workplace is a social place where combined capabilities or different individuals bring out a tangible effect. Motivation at the workplace is all about what and how workers want to work. It entails what they want to be introduced, improved, or abolished for them to work comfortably. Lack of motivation in workplaces brings in headaches to the managers and employers, as the employees do not produce the best. There arise issues of low profitability, company failures, and thus closure due to low product ion.

IF PUBLIC HEALTHCARE IS TOO EXPENSIVE TO COVER ALL EVENTUALITIES, IT Essay

IF PUBLIC HEALTHCARE IS TOO EXPENSIVE TO COVER ALL EVENTUALITIES, IT MUST BE RATIONED. DICUSS - Essay Example It shall discuss the benefits and demerits of each side of the argument and after considering the points of discussion, this student shall make an informed decision about the issue. Health care rationing has various benefits and advantages for the health care system in general. First and foremost, health care rationing will help patients who cannot afford medical care and who do not have medical insurance. It will help improve their medical options and give them access to better health care. â€Å"For patients without health insurance who must pay the entire cost of the medicine, their doctors†¦opt for the cheaper of two types of medication†¦leaving them more money for other expenses† (Dingeman, 2004). In worst case scenarios, patients sometimes opt not to take any medication or undertake any medical procedures at all. Advocates of rationing argue that rationing will give patients a chance to avail of the best possible medical care that their financial circumstances would not normally allow. Rationing is the preferred solution to the increased cost in healthcare spending because it encourages implementers of the system to remedy the situation. â€Å"Even if the money is there, the UK has a long-standing ideological hang-up about tapping it from all available sources, private as well as public† (Redwood, 2000, p. 24). Because of this, many practitioners and government officials believe that rationing is inevitable because it is the solution that will work when times will really get rough. Two years ago, a report revealed that many doctors have come to agree that the time for health care rationing has come â€Å"because the NHS cannot cope with spiralling demand from patients† (Campbell, 2007). The British Medical Association (BMA) claimed that treatments like plastic surgery, fertility sessions, and other minor ailments will be among the first procedures that will be cut from the list of

Studies of Adoptively Transferred CMV-Specific T Cells

Studies of Adoptively Transferred CMV-Specific T Cells Group Method of Expansion/Selection Riddell, 1992, 1995 Expansion using CMV-infected fibroblasts Einsele, 2002 Expansion with CMV lysate Cobbold, 2005 Tetramer Selection using magnetic beads Micklethwaite, 2008 Antigen-presenting cells (Dendritic cells) transduced with an adenoviral vector encoding CMVpp65 Peggs, 2011 Selection of T cells secreting IFN-ÃŽÂ ³ after exposure to CMV antigen Blyth, 2013 Antigen-presenting cells (Dendritic cells) transduced with an adenoviral vector encoding CMVpp65 or Dendritic cells pulsed with HLA-A02-restricted peptide NLVPMVATV Quoted from (Hanley and Bollard, 2014). The ability to generate CMV, EBV, and adenovirus-specific CTL from the 20% fraction of a cord blood unit by using dendritic cells transduced with an Ad5/f35-CMV-pp65 vector as well as the cytokines IL-7, IL-12, and IL-15 was reported by Hanley and colleagues in 2009. Responding T cells were shown to be derived from the naÃÆ'Â ¯ve T cell population and responded to typical and atypical, novel CMV-pp65 epitopes. Later on, the ability to generate CMV-specific T cells from CMV-seronegative donors was reported by Jedema et al., 2011 and Hanley et al., 2013. Vaccination: On the basis of the cost to the health care system and the impact of the virus on human suffering, the development of an effective prophylactic vaccine to prevent CMV symptomatic congenital disease and/or to prevent disease in immunocompromised individuals is a high priority and would be a highly cost-effective measure (Khanna and Diamond, 2006). A successful vaccine strategy should aim to stimulate the innate and adaptive immune responses at the appropriate time. Both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses might be necessary to prevent congenital disease, whereas cellular immune response alone might be sufficient to prevent virus-associated complications in transplant patients (Khanna and Diamond, 2006). Cytomegalovirus exhibits a high level of molecular diversity and carries many immune evasion genes (Hansen et al., 2010). Thus, infection within a host can occur with multiple virus strains concomitantly, including at the time of initial infection, or sequentially (Renzette et al., 2011). Broad and cross-neutralizing cellular and humoral responses have therefore become a major goal of vaccine design (Arvin et al., 2004). Various strategies have been developed, though a vaccine against CMV remains elusive. CMV vaccines have been obtained using attenuated or chimeric viruses, DBs, recombinant proteins, DNA, peptides and/or viral vectors (poxvirus/adenovirus) (Khanna and Diamond, 2006). A number of subunit CMV vaccines tested in clinical trials targeted the abundant pp65 protein (Sylwester et al., 2005), which is expressed by CMV-infected cells both early and late after infection (La Rosa et al., 2012). Cytomegalovirus vaccines in clinical trials include: glycoprotein B subunit vaccines; alphavirus replicon particle vaccines; DNA vaccines; and live-attenuated vaccines. A variety of vaccine strategies are also being examined in preclinical systems and animal models of infection. These include: recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vaccines; recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara; replication-deficient adenovirus-vectored vaccines; and recombinant live-attenuated virus vaccines generated by mutagenesis of cloned rodent CMV genomes maintained as bacterial artificial chromosomes in Escherichia coli (Sung and Schleiss, 2010). Trial of a subunit vaccine consisting of recombinant HCMV envelope gB with MF59 adjuvant: All HCMV-infected individuals have a significant proportion of neutralizing antibodies to HCMV being specific for epitopes on gB (Sung and Schleiss, 2010). A study of the use of HCMV gB vaccine plus MF59 adjuvant was reported. It was administered following a 0-, 1- and 6-month schedule (Pass et al., 2009). Although the study demonstrated that the gB vaccine could significantly reduce the risk of acquiring primary maternal HCMV infection, the study did not address the question of whether vaccine-induced HCMV immunity was equivalent to natural immunity in modulating either infection rate or sequelae for the fetus (Dekker and Arvin, 2009). Since re-infection with new strains of HCMV with which the host has no prior experience can lead to transmission to the fetus with subsequent sequelae (Boppana et al., 2001), the issue of cross-protection against diverse clinical isolates following administration of gB vaccine from a single genotype must be defined in future studies (Sung and Schleiss, 2010). Clinical trial evaluation of a two-component alphavirus replicon particle vaccine containing HCMV gB and phosphoprotein 65 (pp65)/immediate early fusion proteins: The gB and the pp65 are the most frequently recognized antigens by CD4+ T cells, and pp65 is also one of the antigens most frequently recognized by CD8+ T cells (Sylwester et al., 2005). The HCMV IE1 is also an important target of the CD8+ T-cell response (Slezak et al., 2007). Therefore, vaccination strategies that aimed at eliciting T-cell responses has focused on the pp65 protein andIE1 gene product (Sung and Schleiss, 2010). AVX601 is a two-component alphavirus replicon particle vaccine expressing HCMV gB and a fusion protein of pp65-IE1 (Reap et al., 2007). The vaccine was well tolerated, with only mild local reactogenicity, Mild-to-moderate systemic reactogenicity was reported in some subjects (Sung and Schleiss, 2010). Bivalent HCMV DNA vaccine: The use of a HCMV DNA vaccine in immunocompromised subjects, such as transplant recipients, would eliminate the safety concerns of live-attenuated HCMV or live recombinant viral-vectored vaccines (Selinsky et al., 2006). DNA vaccines elicit robust CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell and antibody responses (Sung and Schleiss, 2010). VCL-CB01, a bivalent HCMV DNA vaccine that contains two plasmids encoding HCMV pp65 and gB (LiuÂÂ   and Ulmer, 2005). This vaccine has the ability to prime antigen-specific T cells, with the capacity to proliferate and secrete IFN-ÃŽÂ ³ on restimulation with antigen (Wloch et al., 2008). Further modifications of this vaccine may be required to optimize immunogenicity, particularly to the gB moiety (Sung and Schleiss, 2010). It was generally well tolerated. The most common adverse event was mild site injection pain (Liu and Ulmer, 2005). Live-attenuated HCMV Towne vaccine with or without adjuvant recombinant IL-12 and/or priming by DNA vaccine: Immunization with Towne vaccine prevented HCMV disease in seronegative renal transplant recipients, although it did not prevent infection in these patients or in parents of HCMV-infected children (Sung and Schleiss, 2010). Evidence suggests that the relative defect in Towne vaccine may be related to inadequate antigen-specific IFN-ÃŽÂ ³ responses by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells following vaccination (Jacobson et al., 2006). Approaches to improve the immunogenicity of the Towne vaccine are being explored (Jacobson et al., 2009). One approach was to generate genetic recombinant vaccines containing regions from the genome of the unattenuated Toledo strain of HCMV, substituted for the corresponding regions of the Towne genome (Heineman et al., 2006). In another approach, HCMV DNA vaccine is used to prime for memory immune responses to Towne vaccine (Jacobson et al., 2009). A third approach is to co-administer Towne with recombinant human IL-12 (Jacobson et al., 2006*). 5) Preclinical vaccine development Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing murine cytomegalovirus gB: As a recombinant vaccine vector, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) can induce strong humoral and cellular immunity, particularly at mucosal surfaces. This attribute makes recombinant VSV (rVSV) an attractive candidate for development of a vectored HCMV vaccine (Wilson etal., 2008). Live rVSV vector expressing a murine CMV homolog of the gB protein has been tested in the mouse model (Wilson etal., 2008). This induced neutralizing antibody responses, and resulted in reduced viral titers. Also, splenocytes from immunized mice produced a CD8+ IFN-ÃŽÂ ³ response to gB (Sung and Schleiss, 2010). Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara: The attenuated poxvirus, modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), was established as a safe and potent antigen delivery system. Its genome has undergone six major deletions during serial passage (Sung and Schleiss, 2010), which, in turn, allows the insertion of multiple HCMV genes (Wang et al., 2007). A recombinant MVA vaccine that expresses a soluble, secreted form of HCMV gB, based on the AD169 strain sequence has been constructed (Wang et al., 2004). High levels of gB-specific neutralizing antibodies were elicited in vaccinated mice (Sung and Schleiss, 2010). A trivalent MVA expressing gB, pp65 and IE1 has been developed (Wang et al., 2006) with ability to induce humoral and cellular immunity to gB (Wang et al., 2006). Recombinant MVAs have also been generated expressing both full-length pp65 and exon 4 of IE1 with induction of robust primary cell-mediated immunity and stimulation of vigorous expansion of memory Tcell responses to both antigens (Wang et al., 2007). Another recombinant MVA expressing pp65 and a fusion protein of HCMV IE1 exon 4 and IE2 exon 5 was constructed to maximize the representation of IE-specific immunity (Wang et al., 2008). Replication-deficient adenovirus-vectored polyepitope vaccine: Systemic and mucosal immunity to MCMV could be induced by intranasal immunization using a replication deficient adenoviral vector expressing murine CMV glycoprotein H in a murine model (Shanley and Wu, 2005). Modified adenoviral vector Ad5F35, Ad5F35-AD-1, has been generated, expressing the immunodominant antigenic domain-1 epitope of HCMV gB based on the sequence from the AD169 strain (Zhao et al., 2009). Since the AD-1 epitope is well conserved between different strains of HCMV (Britt et al., 2005), expression of the AD-1 epitope from AD5F35 elicits neutralizing antibody responses to diverse clinical isolates (Zhao et al., 2009). Another replication deficient adenoviral-vectored vaccine, Ad-gBCMVpoly (Zhong et al., 2008) which encodes 46 HCMV T-cell epitopes from multiple antigens covalently linked to the extracellular domain of HCMV gB antigen (Zhong et al., 2008). This chimeric vaccine elicited neutralizing antibody responses and virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses (Zhong and Khanna, 2009). Recombinant live CMV vaccine by bacterial artificial chromosome mutagenesis: An ideal live-attenuated HCMV vaccine should grow to high titers in cell culture for easy production, should be severely attenuated in vivo, even in immunocompromised hosts, and should elicit a strong immune response sufficient to protect against HCMV-associated disease (Mohr et al., 2008). An approach to the generation of such a vaccine is the targeted deletion of CMV genes modulating the host immune response (Cicin-Sain et al., 2007). This approach has been facilitated by the advances in mutagenesis of cloned CMV genomes maintained as bacterial artificial chromosomes in Escherichia coli as well as the rapidly expanding knowledge about the role of viral genes in immunopathogenesis and immune evasion (Dunn et al., 2003).

The Apathy Of Generation X :: essays research papers

For the past 25 years it has been wondered why the young people of America have shared the same apathetic attitude towards politics as the older generation of Americans. Indeed, the issues concerning young voters are just as important as those concerning older voters. Why the newest voters choose to abstain their right has long been studied. While it has been proven that the vote of young people can make or a break an election, most candidates are reluctant to relate themselves to young people. When that Tuesday in November comes, young people choose not be heard, assuring themselves future neglect by the part of elected officials. There are reasons that young people do not vote, or get involved in political actions. They range from apathy to just plain not having enough time. One of the larger reasons is that most candidates are much older then those 18-25. This would put the generation gap in between candidates and the youthful voters. A 19 year old Trinity College student remarks about Bob Dole, I think he is making himself look older by speaking about certain issues we (young people) can not relate to. When asked to give an example the student stated, "he made a reference to World War I, I thought he was going to say he fought in that one too!" (www.mtv.com/chooseorlose). While Bob Dole is a isolated instance, many youthful voters feel that there is a ever growing distance between them and the older generations. Another reason that young people are turning away is lack of education towards politics. While this could be said for any age group, it seems to be more prevalent in younger people. The lifestyle of younger people does not allow for a everyday exposure to politics as those of a older generation. Thomas Banks, a 19 year old student, when asked why he was not watching the 1992 Presidential Debates responded, "I guess because I don't really see what's going on at college. I feel pretty isolated. It doesn't seem as important to me as studying. I guess". Although not in a career yet, the life of a student is proving to be just as busy as those in the older generations. People in the full time labor are not the only ones who can use a hassle-full life as an excuse not to get involved. There is another major reason that young people feel isolated and set apart from the political world. For those who take the time to educate themselves, and to participate in what activities they can; they soon find that the major candidates have paid little, if any attention to the issues that The Apathy Of Generation X :: essays research papers For the past 25 years it has been wondered why the young people of America have shared the same apathetic attitude towards politics as the older generation of Americans. Indeed, the issues concerning young voters are just as important as those concerning older voters. Why the newest voters choose to abstain their right has long been studied. While it has been proven that the vote of young people can make or a break an election, most candidates are reluctant to relate themselves to young people. When that Tuesday in November comes, young people choose not be heard, assuring themselves future neglect by the part of elected officials. There are reasons that young people do not vote, or get involved in political actions. They range from apathy to just plain not having enough time. One of the larger reasons is that most candidates are much older then those 18-25. This would put the generation gap in between candidates and the youthful voters. A 19 year old Trinity College student remarks about Bob Dole, I think he is making himself look older by speaking about certain issues we (young people) can not relate to. When asked to give an example the student stated, "he made a reference to World War I, I thought he was going to say he fought in that one too!" (www.mtv.com/chooseorlose). While Bob Dole is a isolated instance, many youthful voters feel that there is a ever growing distance between them and the older generations. Another reason that young people are turning away is lack of education towards politics. While this could be said for any age group, it seems to be more prevalent in younger people. The lifestyle of younger people does not allow for a everyday exposure to politics as those of a older generation. Thomas Banks, a 19 year old student, when asked why he was not watching the 1992 Presidential Debates responded, "I guess because I don't really see what's going on at college. I feel pretty isolated. It doesn't seem as important to me as studying. I guess". Although not in a career yet, the life of a student is proving to be just as busy as those in the older generations. People in the full time labor are not the only ones who can use a hassle-full life as an excuse not to get involved. There is another major reason that young people feel isolated and set apart from the political world. For those who take the time to educate themselves, and to participate in what activities they can; they soon find that the major candidates have paid little, if any attention to the issues that

Culture Jamming

Since the 1980s, large corporations released their success lies in generating brands, rather than manufacturing products. Large corporations use global markets to move manufacturing from rich countries to poor countries, where labour is low and there are no regulations. Large corporations use globalization to build their own brands, but failed to release that globalisation can be used to harm the brand. A brand is away of life, an attitude, set of values, and ideas. Corporations use branding as marketing strategy to sell products and services. The Nike brand is one of the most successful brands in the world, and it depicts the power of large corporations. Some of the practices done by Nike encouraged people to launch anti-Nike campaign: working condition, using child labour, and moving manufacturing to low wage countries. Culture jamming is the practice of using the media to alter the meaning of one message into another. The aim of culture jamming is to uncover the deeper truth behind the techniques that are used by corporations to dominate people’s way of life. Many jammers believe that corporations’ dominance of the media has devalued the right to free speech. Rodriguse de Gerada argues that the ability of corporations to dominate the media has allowed corporations to occupy all public spaces and spread their messages. De Gerada argues that culture jamming is the only way people can use to counter these messages. Culture jamming techniques and practices can be understood within three aspects: semiotic terrorism; branding; and recuperation. Semiotic terrorism refers to individual culture jamming such as pictures on billboards. Branding refers to the ability to attack a brand in order to undermine corporations’ influence in the public sphere. Recuperation is the ability of corporations to utilize culture jamming practices for their benefits. From the mid 1980s, a war â€Å"brand war† emerged between large corporations and culture jammers. Large corporations see brands as key to their success; in contrast, culture jammers see brands as a symbol of subjection. Naomi Klein described the brand war as a war about the loss of public space, corporate censorship, and unethical labour practices. One of the best examples that depicts the brand war is the anti Nike campaign, that has been running since the 1990s. Activists campaigned against different issues such as using child labour, work conditions in overseas factories, investment in inner cities, and low wages. At the beginning of the campaign, activists started to demonstrate outside shops that sell Nike’s products in the USA. The campaign succeeded in persuading local and international media to send correspondents to investigate the issues raised. In 1997, some activists released that the only way to undermine Nike’s influence is by attacking the source of Nike’s brand power. They found that Nike’s image is made in inner cities and intertwined with black American heroes such as Michael Jordan, Michael Jackson, and Tiger Woods. The activists decided to engage black American and Latino; who live in inner cities, and made connection between what happens in overseas factories and conditions at home. Also, activists started to convince kids that Nike’s products are not worth buying, and Nike causes poverty in inner cities. As a result of the campaign, in 1998 Nike was forced to withdraw its offer to build swoosh gymnasium in Ottawa city: after the issues of child lab our was raised. In the same year, Nike accepted to improve working conditions in Indonesian factories, allow independent monitors to visit overseas factories, and not to hire children. In September 1998, the San Francisco human right group global demanded Nike to increase the wages of Indonesian workers. After three weeks, Nike increased the wages by twenty five percent. However, some argue that the increase is due to the devalue of local currency. In addition to that, the campaign succeeded in forcing Nike to allow health and safety monitors to inspect working condition in Vietnamese factories. However, there is a limit to what culture hammers can achieve. In 2000, a series of billboard advertisement appeared in Australia for a new football boot made by Nike. What Nike did is to cut the work of culture hammers by jamming it’s own advert through the use of slogans that read â€Å"I am not/A target market/ I am an athlete†. In the same year, Nike launched anti Nike web site. Kate Coyer argues that the jamming of adverts by Nike shows there is no anti commercial gesture which cannot be commercialized. Also, Coyer argues that advertising agencies see anti corporate activities no more than a street trend, and there always be an ad that will persuade even sincere consumers. According to Tim Jordan, protesting against working conditions and the use of child labour in overseas factories have limited effect on corporations: corporations like Nike have the ability to uitilise culture jamming techniques, which undermine the work of culture jammers. There is no arena of life that corporations do not touch, therefore, culture jamming should be abandoned. Corporations may be the real author of culture jamming work. Therefore, Jordan argues activists should protest against bombarding people with imageries, instead of raising emotional feelings. Despite the limitation of culture jamming, the anti Nike campaign has shown that activists can force corporations to re-consider some of their practices. For example, the anti Nike campaign has succeeded in highlighting some issues and forced Nike to consider its practices. First issue, the use of child labour has damaged the reputation of Nike. As a result, some schools in the USA refused to accept donations from Nike. Second issue, the working conditions and low wages in overseas factories. The persistent campaign has forced Nike to improve working condition, increase wages, allow independent monitors, and appoint vice president for corporate responsibilities. The campaign has generated bad publicity for Nike; as a result, Nike lost some of its supporters in inner cities. In addition to that, Nike’s competitors like Reebok used the scandal to gain some of Nike’s market share. The success of the anti Nike campaign in highlighting some issues; clearly, cannot be used to study the impact of the brand war on Nike’s power. Naomi Klein argues that culture jamming will not change people’s behavior: public space is safe for commercial advertising and commercial messages are unable to awake us. In addition to that, most of the literature did not address how many people are welling to adopt culture jamming argument, if they are offered alternative. In brief, culture jamming techniques do have an impact upon corporations such as reputation, but it is difficult to measure the impact on other areas.

Davis V the Board of County Commissioners of Doña Ana County Case Essay

The plaintiff, Davis is suing Dona Ana County. The plaintiff was a patient at Mesilla Valley Hospital (MVH) in their inpatient mental facility, while she was in their care one of the mental health technicians, Joseph Herrera sexually assaulted her. She is suing the County of Dona Ana, because Herrera used to be a detention sergeant for the county, while employed there he was found to have been sexually harassing and abusing female inmates. His superiors Steele and Mochen were aware of his misconducts and were planning on suspending him, however prior to the suspension Herrera resigned. Upon his resignation Herrera asked his superiors for a letter of recommendation, he was given a letter of recommendation stating that he was an exemplary employee, and one that they would hire again. The legal issue in this case is to determine whether or not the county’s letter of recommendation cause third-party harm to the plaintiff, Davis? Did the positive feedback in the letter cause MVH to hire someone who was potentially unsafe to their patients? (Walsh, 2009). Why does the court conclude that Dona Ana County could be held liable for negligent referral (misrepresentation)? In this case the court concluded that Dona Ana County could be held liable for a negligent referral on the basis that each citizen has a basic responsibility to not bring harm to one another, and to make every effort to stop harm from happening to someone. In this case the County did not take the proper steps to ensure public safety. Without overly speculating on all the various scenarios that might or might not have played out had the County provided truthful information, at the end of the day the County not only omitted truth; which is misleading within itself, but they also falsified the information that was provided to Herrera’s future employers taking away their ability to make fully educated decisions about his employment. In this particular case is very similar, to California Supreme Court case regarding Randi W. here an employee was given a glowing letter of recommendation from his former employer at a school even though he was known to have a record of sexual misconduct, was then hired on at another school as vice-principle, he sexually abused a 13 year old. In both these cases the previous employers mislead future employers with the omissions of very important information as well as lying about their actual employment behavior. In both cases innocent third-parties were harmed from this. The court recognized that this referral was negligent, because they failed to stop harm from happening to someone. Krasnow, 2013). Should it have mattered that the former employer’s investigation was not able to confirm all of the allegations against Herrera? Explain your answer. In this case Herrera’s employers were not able to conduct an investigation to the fullest due to the fact that when he was informed that a full investigation was going to be conducted and that he would be suspended, Herrera decided to first resign. Though a full investigation was not conducted the court’s decision to conclude that the County is liable for negligence is still valid. The County had the option of remaining silent, had they remained silent MVH would have conduct their own background investigation more thoroughly, but because the County gave such praise filled recommendation MVH lacked their background check. The County became negligent when they falsified information, regardless of whether Herrera was actually found to have had any sexual misconduct, the fact that there were several allegations and complaints against him would make it so that he did not warrant any sort of letter of recommendation. Due to the investigation not being fully executed it would make more sense that the County refrain from having any sort of opinion on Herrera’s performance rather than fabricating information. (Walsh, 2009). What practical implications does this decision hold? Are you convinced by the court’s claim that this ruling should not make employers more reluctant to provide references? Due to the County being sued for providing referrals, they might be reluctant along with other employers, to provide any sort of referral for future employment, because they may fear that they will be sued regardless of what they do. However, the court claims that employers should not be worried about providing references, because as long as the information that is being provided is true than they are not at fault. Of course it does seem safer to just not provide a referral at all, but you do not want to punish those who have worked very hard at maintaining a good work history and reputation. In this situation the court would not have found fault had the County just not provided a recommendation at all, if they would have just denied Herrera’s request for a letter of recommendation, they would not have been at fault for third-party harm to Davis. However, the fact that the County provided misleading information while withholding information that might have told of harmful behaviors, MVH might not have hired Herrera, and they would have had a chance to better protect their patient, but the County took that ability away from them. (Walsh, 2009).

How International Relations ca essays

How International Relations ca essays II. International Relations C) The difference between International Relations and Foreign Policy III. International Terrorism 1. Psychological Factors F) New York City and Arlington, VA planes crash into buildings I) Groups involved in terrorist acts in the 20th century 2. Palestine Liberation Organization K) Photographs of the FBI's most wanted terrorists How can International Relations be utilized to overcome the horror of International Terrorism? This question is very difficult to answer, but is a question that we as human beings on the planet Earth are faced with on a daily basis. Who is to say who terrorist really are? They come in many different forms and wear many different faces. Human nature and the Holy Bible have taught me to do unto others as they have done unto me, and I believe that many other religions around the world teach this principle. That is why I am not surprised at the incidents that have happened over the past months in the United States government. People in other countries are sick and tired of being pushed around by the United States government. I feel our government tends to think that it is the best one in the world and no other country can touch it. But, we have recently witnessed different. The devastation that occurred in New York City, NY, the World Trade Center twin towers, and Arlington, VA, have left us in a state of shock. Our government leaders have retaliated by sending troops to Afghanistan and launching air strikers with attacks on land soon to follow. But is this truly a remedy to the problem or the making for even larger problems in the future? Personally, I do not feel that war is the answer, but only time will tell. With that being said, I did some research on my own to try and find out why incidents, such as what happened on September 11, 2001, take place and some ways to reduce the chanc...

English Final on connecting Waiting for Gadot Essays

English Final on connecting Waiting for Gadot Essays English Final on connecting Waiting for Gadot Essay English Final on connecting Waiting for Gadot Essay a drama, is preformed on a stage for a larger audience Reading a novel versus watching a play effects the audiences ways of seeing. This is something that John Berger questions throughout his text. His novel is based on the fact that seeing comes before words, however, once someone sees something they put what they see into words, and thats where the power is formed. A reader gets a completely different feel from a play versus a novel. Cavendish novel was a means for her to articulate her language in order to gain power. The use of the pronoun l occurred in the novel in reference to the author herself. The Empress insinuated that anyone is capable of creating a world of their own in which they hold the power, Cavendish stated this in her To the Reader section of the book, Although I have neither power time nor occasion to conquer the world have made a world of my own: for which no body, I hope, will blame me, since it is in every ones power to do the like (Cavendish 124). Cavendish uses this novel to show how much language articulates power. Unlike The Blazing World, a play in which the stage directions articulates power. The character that voiced power in this play was not even presented in the novel. This is very unique because it is not the persons direct language that articulated the power; it was the language and the actions of the other characters that articulated the power for Gadget. That is why dramatic texts are written in different formats. If this book were written as a novel, such as Blazing Worlds it would have has a total different effect. The audience needed to see how meaningless their language was. At the end of each act they said they were leaving verbally but did not move. This was something that the audience got to see and then felt how much power Gadget had over them. Estrogen: Well, shall we go? They do not move. (Becket 109 Act II) This line shows the main difference between a novel and a dramatic text. Reading a text can provoke an individual to view the language of who holds the power differently than being a member of a large audience in a theater. In conclusion language-articulating power differs significantly in The Blazing World and Waiting for Gadget. Waiting for Gadget established a world in which a character that never spoke held all the power due to how the two characters spoke of him; there language about him gave him the power. The Blazing World demonstrated a world in which she was language she made the people love her. Dramatic texts and novels can be understood differently based on the way it is preformed; explicitly regarding whom holds the power. Unlike Becket, Cavendish included her personal opinions and feelings to influence the reader alone. These factors play a vital role in the way the power of language is represented.

Profile of Serial Killer Tommy Lynn Sells

Profile of Serial Killer Tommy Lynn Sells Tommy Lynn Sells was a serial killer who claimed responsibility for over 70 murders across the United States, earning him the nickname Coast to Coast Killer. Sells  was convicted of only one murder, but this single conviction  was enough to land him on Texass death row. In 2014, he was executed in the Allan B. Polunsky Unit near Livingston, Texas. The Tip of the Iceberg On Dec. 31, 1999, 10-year-old Krystal Surles was staying at the house of a friend, 13-year-old Kaylene Katy Harris, when she was attacked by a man in the bedroom where the two girls were sleeping. She watched as the man grabbed Kaylene and slashed her throat. Pretending to be dead, she stayed still until she had the opportunity to escape and get help from the next door neighbor. With the help of a forensic artist, Krystal was able to provide enough detail to create a sketch  that eventually led to the arrest of Tommy Lynn Sells. It turned out Sells knew Terry Harris, Kaylenes adopted father. Kaylene was his intended victim that night.   Sells was arrested days later on January 2, 2000, at the trailer where he lived with his wife and her four children. It was a peaceful arrest; he did not resist or even ask why he was being arrested. Sells later  confessed  to killing Kaylene Harris and attempting to kill Krystal, but that was just the tip of the iceberg. During the following months, Sells admitted to killing multiple men, women, and children in several states across the country. Childhood Years Tommy Lynn Sells and his twin sister Tammy Jean were born in Oakland, California on June 28, 1964. His mother, Nina Sells, was a single mother with three other children at the time that the twins were born. The family moved to St. Louis, Missouri, and at 18 months old, both Sells and Tammy Jean contracted spinal meningitis, which killed Tammy Jean. Tommy survived.   Soon after his recuperation, Sells was sent to live with his aunt Bonnie Walpole, in Holcomb, Missouri. He stayed there until age 5 when he returned to live with his mother after she discovered that Walpole was interested in adopting him.   Throughout his early childhood years, Sells was left  mostly to fend for himself. He rarely attended school and by the age of 7, he was drinking alcohol. Childhood Trauma Around this same time, Sells  began hanging around with a man from a nearby town. The man showed him a lot of  attention in the form of gifts and frequent outings. On several occasions, Sells spent the night at the mans home. Later, this same  man was found guilty of child molestation,  which came as no surprise to Sells, who had been one of his victims starting when he was just 8 years old.   From the age of 10 to 13, Sells showed a special knack for staying in trouble. By age 10, he had stopped attending school, choosing instead to smoke pot and drink alcohol. Once, when he was 13,  he climbed naked into his grandmothers bed. This was the last straw for Tommys mother. Within days, she took his siblings and left Tommy alone, leaving not so much as a forwarding address. The Carnage Begins Filled with rage after his abandonment, the teenage Sells attacked his first female victim by pistol whipping her until she was unconscious. With no home and no family, Sells began drifting from town to town, picking up odd jobs and stealing what he needed. Sells later claimed he committed his first murder at age 16, after breaking into a home and killing a man inside who was  performing oral sex on a young boy. There was never any proof to back up his claim about the incident. Sells also claimed to have shot and killed John Cade Sr. in July 1979, after Cade caught him burglarizing his home. A Bad Reunion In May 1981, Sells moved to Little Rock, Arkansas and moved back in with his family. The reunion was short-lived. Nina Sells told him to leave after he  attempted to have sex  with her while she was taking a shower. Back out on the streets, Sells returned to doing what he knew best, robbing and killing, working as a carnival roustabout, and hopping trains to get to his next destination. He later confessed to killing two people in Arkansas before heading to St. Louis in 1983. Only one of the murders, that of Hal Akins, was ever confirmed. Transient Serial Killing In May 1984 Sills was convicted of car theft and he was given a two-year prison sentence. He  was released  from prison the following February but failed to follow the terms of his  probation. While in Missouri, Sells started working a county fair in Forsyth where he met Ena Cordt, 35, and her 4-year-old son. Sells later admitted to killing Cordt and her son. According to Sells,  Cordt  invited him back to her house, but when he caught her  going through his knapsack, he beat her to death with a baseball bat. He then did the same to the only witness of the crime, the 4-year-old Rory Cordt. Their bodies were found three days later. Overdosed on Heroin By September 1984, Sells was back in jail for drunk driving after crashing his car. He stayed in jail until May 16, 1986. Back in St. Louis, Sells claims  he shot a stranger in self-defense. He then headed to Aransas Pass, Texas, where he was hospitalized for an  overdose of heroin. Once out of the hospital, he stole a car and headed to Fremont, California. While in Freemont, investigators believe he was responsible for the death of Jennifer Duey, 20, who was shot to death. They also believe he was responsible for murdering Michelle Xavier, 19, who was found dead with her throat cut. Unconfirmed Killing In October 1987, Sells was living in Winnemucca, Nevada, with 20-year-old Stefanie Stroh. Sells confessed to drugging Stroh with LSD, then strangling her and disposing of her body by weighing down her feet with concrete and putting her body into a hot spring in the desert. This crime was never confirmed. According to Sells he left Winnemucca on November 3rd and headed east. In October 1987, he  confessed to murdering Suzanne Korcz, 27, in Amherst, New York. A Helping Hand Keith Dardeen was the next known unfortunate victim that tried to befriend Sells. He spotted Sells hitchhiking in Ina, Illinois and offered him a hot meal at his home. In return, Sells shot  Dardeen  and then mutilated his penis. Next, he murdered  Dardeens  three-year-old son Pete by bludgeoning him with a hammer. He then turned his rage on  Dardeens  pregnant wife Elaine, who he attempted to rape. The attack caused Elaine to go into labor and she gave birth to her daughter. Neither mother nor daughter survived. Sells beat both of them to death with a bat. He then inserted the bat into Elaines vagina, tucked the children and the mother into bed and left. The  crime went unsolved  for 12 years until Sells confessed. Julie Rae Harper Sells  confessed to an unbelievable cross-country crime spree although many of the crimes he describes have never been verified.   In 2002, crime writer Diane Fanning began corresponding with Sells as he awaited the death penalty  in Texas. In one of his letters to Fanning, Sells confessed to the murder of 10-year-old Joel Kirkpatrick. Joels mother, Julie Rae Harper, was found guilty of his murder and was in prison. Later Sells told Fanning, during a face-to-face interview, that Harper had been rude to him at a convenience store, so to get back at her, he followed her home and murdered the boy. The confession,  along with Fannings testimony at a prison review board and with help from the Innocence Project, later resulted in a new trial for Harper that ended in an  acquittal. Coast to Coast For 20 years Sells was a transient serial killer that managed to  stay under the radar  as he roamed around the country killing and raping unsuspecting victims of all ages. Investigators believe that Sells is likely responsible for 70 murders across the country. During his confessions, he took on the nickname Coast to Coast when telling about the different murders he had committed one month while in California and the next month while in Texas. Based on Sells confessions throughout the years, the following timetable can be pieced together, however, not all of his claims have been proven. December 1988  - Tucson, Arizona - Sells kills  Ken Lauten over a bad drug deal.Between December  - January 1988  - Sells murders an unknown woman and her three-year-old son in Salt Lake City, Utah, disposing of their bodies in the Snake River in Idaho.January 1988  -  Ã‚  Ina, Illinois - After murdering the Dardeen family, Sells is arrested for stealing a car. He takes off before his scheduled court appearance.January 1988  - Lawrence, Massachusetts - Melissa Trembly, 11, is  raped and murdered.January 27, 1989  - Truckee, California - Sells kills an unnamed  prostitute  and disposes of her body. An unidentified womans body was found at the location that he describes to police.April 1989  - Roseburg, Oregon - Sells kills  an unnamed woman that was in her twenties.May  9, 1989  - Roseburg, Oregon - Sells kills  a female hitchhiker.May  9, 1989  - Roseburg, Oregon - Sells is arrested  for stealing from his employer. He spends 15 days in jail.Augus t 16, 1989  - North Little Rock, Arkansas - Sells is arrested  on theft charges. October 18, 1989  - Oakland, California - Sells is charged  with public drunkenness and put into detox.November 1989  - Carson City, Nevada - Sells is charged with public drunkenness.December 1989  - Phoenix, Arizona - Sells is hospitalized  for a heroin overdose.January  7, 1990  - Salt Lake City, Utah  - Sells is arrested on charges of  cocaine possession but released after police determined that he was not in possession of drugs.January 12, 1990  - Rawlings, Wyoming - Sells is arrested and sent to prison for auto theft. He is released in January 1991.December 1991  - Marianna, Florida - Sells kills  Teresa Hall, 28, and her five-year-old daughter.March and April 1992  - Charleston, South Carolina - Sells is arrested  for  public drunkenness.May 13, 1992  - Charleston, West Virginia - Sells is imprisoned  for raping, beating and stabbing a 20-year-old woman who survived the attack. He is sentenced to two 10-year prison terms and  released in May 1997.October 13, 1997  - Lawrenceville, Illinois - Sells attacks  Julie Rea Harper and stabbs10-year-old Joel Kirkpatrick to death. October 1997  - Springfield, Missouri - Stells kidnaps, rapes and strangles to death 13-year-old Stephanie Mahaney.October 1998  - Del Rio, Texas - Sells marries  a woman with three children. The couple is separated for two weeks in February 1999 and again in late March 1999.March 30, 1999  - Del Rio, Texas - Sells rapes  and murders Debbie Harris, 28 and eight-year-old Ambria Harris.April 18, 1999  - San Antonio, Texas - Sells rapes  and strangles nine-year-old Mary Perez.May 13, 1999  - Lexington, Kentucky - Sells rapes  and murders 13-year-old Haley McHone, then sells her bicycle for $20.Mid-May to June 24, 1999  - Madison, Wisconsin - Sells is jailed for drunk and  disorderly conduct.July  3, 1999  - Kingfisher, Oklahoma - Sells shoots and kills  14-year-old Bobbie Lynn Wofford.December 31, 1999  - Del Rio, Texas - Sells’ commits his final act of murder - 13-year-old Kaylene Harris and attempted murder of 10-year-old Krystal Surles. Trial and Sentencing On September 18, 2000, Sells pleaded guilty and was convicted of the capital murder of Kaylene Harris and attempted murder of Krystal Surles. He was sentenced to death. On September 17, 2003, Sells was indicted for the 1997 Greene County, Missouri murder of Stephanie Mahaney. Also in 2003, Sells pleaded guilty to strangling to death nine-year-old Mary Bea Perez of San Antonio, for which he received a life sentence. Execution Sells was executed in Texas on April 3, 2014, at 6:27 p.m. CST  by lethal injection. He declined to make a final statement.

Political Science 1 Introduction to Government Research Paper

Political Science 1 Introduction to Government - Research Paper Example Depending with the states laws, an official is allowed to run for re-election once the term is over. In the United States, system of government is categorized as the representative democracy; American citizens do not directly make any government decisions. This is because they elect officials to govern their affairs. It is common for most elections to be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the November in the year they happen, however, elections for public offices may be held any time depending on the state law (Trent, pp 36-194). After the American constitution was written in 1787, it indicated that every state had the mandate to determine who could vote in elections, African-Americans and women were denied their voting rights. Nevertheless, in 1870 the 15th amendment was passed that allowed male African Americans to vote, in 1920, the 19th amendments was enacted which allowed women to vote, the next November saw millions of American women voting in presidential elections for the first time. Nevertheless, the election of the president and the vice president of the United States remains an indirect vote, in this process the citizens cast ballots for a slate of members of the US Electoral College these people are the ones who are constitutionally mandated to directly elect the president and his vice president. The presidential elections are organised to occur quadrennial where the count starts from 1792 on the Election Day Tuesday between November 2 and eighth. These dates are made to coincide with various oth er federal states and local races (Trent, pp 36-194). The electro process in the United States is highly regulated by a combination of the federal and state laws. Each state is allocated a number of Electoral College electors whom are made to be equal to the number of its senators and representatives in the U.S congress. Connectively, in Washington D.C the number of electors is equal to the number held by

The Building of the Progressive Field Research Paper

The Building of the Progressive Field - Research Paper Example The Gateway project was a major achievement in that it was the first successful construction of two fields at the same location. In the project, the progressive Field, then known as Jacobs Field, was the first to be completed and is heralded as the first baseball-only facility in the US. The Progressive Field was built as part of the Gateway project which envisioned better sports in downtown Cleveland. It was multi-phased strategy to develop a large sports complex in Cleveland and which Sasaki would provide the desired designs It was a sophisticated strategy aimed at revitalizing of the economy through consensus building. The master plan had an important objective of incorporating the entertainment and sports aspects into the downtown areas. This idea would serve as a catalyst for economic growth by opening space fabric in the downtown city. Therefore, before plans for a baseball stadium and a basketball arena were floated, there existed a dream of a domed stadium on the same site. I n the early 1980s, the Cleveland Browns and the Cleveland Indians had complained and grumbled about the state of the aging Cleveland Stadium, which had housed them for many years. The fact that the stadium was 50 years old did not help matters and this kept fans away from cheering their teams. The project was kick started in 1984 when county voters in Cleveland defeated a proposed increase in property tax to fund the construction of a new dome shaped stadium. The Mayor had proposed a 0.9-mill increase in the property tax and would affect home owners.

The feasibility of electric car policy in England's tourism industry Essay

The feasibility of electric car policy in England's tourism industry - Essay Example Many factors are said to affect England’s tourism industry and they specifically are integral parts of the business environment such as political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental concerns. One of the most important issues it needs to face is the prevailing government concern on global warming or climate change. As mandated by the local government, the tourism industry in England has to abide by its political obligation and that includes its role to manage carbon output (Visitengland.org, 2012). This particularly means that the visitor economy should be controlled within certain limit. This has become its great challenge especially that it tries to create the visiting experience appealing to its visitors. England’s tourism industry’s survival relies on the maximisation of the numbers of visitors. However, due to critical consideration of its production of environmental hazards, England finally decided to limit the number of its visitors ev ery year. This substantially would indeed be a challenge to England’s economy. After all, tourism in the British economy is able to provide around 1,000,000 jobs (Ritchie and Adair, 2004). Furthermore, it contributes 4% of UK’s gross domestic product (Hiles, 2011). This would mean a lot to England’s economy. The aim of this research is to come up with effective strategy for tourism industry in England that will focus on the assessment of the government’s move to limit the visitor economy. There are various options that it needs to consider. In particular, it is important to take a look closely at the feasibility of applying electric-generated vehicles in order to ensure adhering to political commitment in the local and national management of carbon... It is the main concern of the following paper to assess the level of confidence that England investors in the tourism industry have on the government’s electric vehicles policy, most particularly on its amount and terms of support. In knowing this, it would be specifically important to evaluate how much level of confidence the people in England have on the government’s policy making from the point of view of its entire tourism industry. In 2000, around 700 million international tourist arrivals were recorded worldwide and these were considerably assumed to have substantial impacts on the environment. Gossling remarkably considered the investigation of five aspects of the leisure-related alteration of the environment which include changes on land cover and land use, energy consumption and its impact, extinction of wild species and biota exchange, dispersion of diseases and psychological consequences of travel. This study has remarkably shown that the energy consumption t ogether with its impact was a significant highlight of the country’s entire business environment. Thus, this can also be intertwined with the prevailing political consideration of the Tourism Industry in England, which associates the significant impacts of carbon dioxide emission. The amount of carbon emitted in the atmosphere is so massive, making the UK government to substantially control it at its best possible way.

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Football & Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Football & Finance - Essay Example The spending on salaries and players was 43 percent up over the previous five years. European clubs assessment is a requirement of Uefa’s financial fair play policies, which focuses on reducing debt and stopping teams from spending above their capability. According to Uefa’s rule of financial fair play, teams that fail to meet the requirements of the union’s policies face sanctions or suspension from participating in the continent’s major competitions. According to 2009, 2010 and 2010 financial reports, many clubs participating at both clubs and European competition levels exhibited significant amount of losses in relation to the Uefa’s minimum low of â‚ ¬5 million. Many European football clubs including top flight clubs have recently shown numerous financial drawbacks adding to recent increase in the total loss experience in the European football industry. There have been public outcries from some clubs regarding financial fair play by some of t he continent’s top division clubs. A considerable number of clubs have undergone liquidation while many more face the threat of possible bans from taking part in Uefa Champions League and Europa League, which are the continent’s most prestigious football competitions. Liquidation is the worst experience any club would ever wish to undergo. Apparently, cost control has been one of the most challenging tasks for European football clubs. Many clubs, including the most famous clubs in the recent history of football, have failed maintain low and sustainable expenditure levels, which calls for robust research into the issue of finance and football. There Owing to the increasing margins of losses incurred by European football clubs and many reported cases of possible liquidations of clubs, there is clear need for information supply for football club managers and committees on sustainable cost management approaches, which this project intends to establish through review of lit erature on some of the main causes of financial dismay for many football clubs. Preliminary Review of Literature The strong economic growth that football industry exhibited during late periods of 1990s prompted academicians and researchers to shift their attention towards issues that relate to the administration of performance of football clubs

Lawrence Ellison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lawrence Ellison - Essay Example He was born in New York City, on August 17, 1944, to an unwed Jewish mother. He was then adopted by his mother's uncle and aunt, who raised him in Chicago. His adopted mother was kind to him, but he has quite a few contradictions with his adopted father. The financial condition of the family was alright, until the Great Depression robbed his adopted father of his job, after which he took up a small job as an auditor. Lawrence Ellison went to Eugene Field Elementary School in Chicago, and then went to Sullivan High School. Even as a child, he showed great aptitude for Science and Math. He attended the University of Illinois and left it at the end of the second year, since his mother had expired then. Later, he went to the University of Chicago, where he learnt computer designing, for just one term. Later, he took up a number of jobs that helped him earn a living. In the 1970s, Ellison took up a job with Ampex Corporation. Here, he worked on a project that basically dealt with creating a database for CIA. It was called Oracle. Eventually, he started a venture on his own, with his colleagues, Robert Miner and Ed Oates, after being inspires by a paper called, 'A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks' by Edgar F. ("Ted") Codd, describing a concept Codd had developed at IBM. It was initially called Software Development Laboratories.Soon enough, they won a contract to build a relational database management system for the CIA, and thus began his career as a software entrepreneur. By completing the project ahead of schedule and using the time to develop the company, Ellison and his partners started their stride into the million dollar mark. Ever since, the company's profits doubled year after year. It soon turned into a billion dollar company, from a million dollar comp any. This was when the company got its current name, Oracle. Oracle also experienced its share of difficulties, in the aftermath of going public in 1986. Employees of Oracle overstated the value of their company. This led to losses the next financial year around. The company was also on the brink of bankruptcy. This was when Ellison decided to step in and disburse managerial powers to professionals and solely concentrated on product design. After this overhaul, the company registered more profits than before. Even in the light of the financial meltdown, Oracle has been able to sustain itself. Lawrence Ellison, for his part, has been one among the world's richest men. In fact, at one point in time, he overtook Microsoft's Bill Gates, to become the World's Richest Man. He leads a very lavish life, with a special regard and passion for yachting and water-sports. ASSETS, PHILANTHROPY AND CONTRIBUTION Lawrence Ellison, in his position as the co-founder and CEO of Oracle, has been currently named as the fourth

Football & Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Football & Finance - Essay Example The spending on salaries and players was 43 percent up over the previous five years. European clubs assessment is a requirement of Uefa’s financial fair play policies, which focuses on reducing debt and stopping teams from spending above their capability. According to Uefa’s rule of financial fair play, teams that fail to meet the requirements of the union’s policies face sanctions or suspension from participating in the continent’s major competitions. According to 2009, 2010 and 2010 financial reports, many clubs participating at both clubs and European competition levels exhibited significant amount of losses in relation to the Uefa’s minimum low of â‚ ¬5 million. Many European football clubs including top flight clubs have recently shown numerous financial drawbacks adding to recent increase in the total loss experience in the European football industry. There have been public outcries from some clubs regarding financial fair play by some of t he continent’s top division clubs. A considerable number of clubs have undergone liquidation while many more face the threat of possible bans from taking part in Uefa Champions League and Europa League, which are the continent’s most prestigious football competitions. Liquidation is the worst experience any club would ever wish to undergo. Apparently, cost control has been one of the most challenging tasks for European football clubs. Many clubs, including the most famous clubs in the recent history of football, have failed maintain low and sustainable expenditure levels, which calls for robust research into the issue of finance and football. There Owing to the increasing margins of losses incurred by European football clubs and many reported cases of possible liquidations of clubs, there is clear need for information supply for football club managers and committees on sustainable cost management approaches, which this project intends to establish through review of lit erature on some of the main causes of financial dismay for many football clubs. Preliminary Review of Literature The strong economic growth that football industry exhibited during late periods of 1990s prompted academicians and researchers to shift their attention towards issues that relate to the administration of performance of football clubs

Emancipation Proclamation Prliminary Events Essay Example for Free

Emancipation Proclamation Prliminary Events Essay Abraham Lincoln was elected the President of the United States in 1860 with an anti-slavery agenda, and this gave the impression to the Southern States that they no longer belonged in the Union. South Carolina became the first state to secede the Union on December 20, 1860. In the following few months six more states, whose agriculture based economy was dependent on the free labor slavery provided, followed South Carolina’s lead and followed suit. The seven states, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas formed the Confederate States of America and chose the Mississippi senator, Jefferson Davis as their interim president (PBS). Lincoln claimed in his inaugural address in March 1861that it was his responsibility to keep the Union intact. He went on to state that he would not end slavery where it existed, or take back the Fugitive Slave Law (a 1850 law requiring all runaway slaves to the Northern states where slavery did not exist, to be returned to their masters in the South). It was understandable why this position of Mr. Lincoln’s did not sit well with the African Americans or the white Americans against slavery, but what was surprising was that it did not do anything to satisfy the Confederacy. Hence, on April 12, 1861 the Confederates attacked Fort Summer and the Civil Started had started. Immediately following the attacks another four states, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee joined the Confederacy. Even though President Lincoln made it abundantly clear that he was fighting to keep the Union intact and not for slavery or for the rights of the blacks, from the very start the free African Americans rushed to enlist in the army. Their services were refused and laws refusing blacks the right to enlist in the army were maintained because Lincoln wanted to prove to the whites in the Northern states that their privileges as the superior race were not in any danger. The Confederacy on the other hand was using the enslaved labor for efforts to win the war. Slave labor was being used as nurses, laundresses, blacksmiths and they were working in factories and armories (PBS). As the Northern army managed to penetrate into the Southern territory, there was a large influx of refugees. The slave fugitives were labeled â€Å"contraband of war† and if it could be proven that their labor was used to help the Confederacy they were given their freedom. Despite declaring the black fugitives free, Lincoln still firmly held on to the idea that this war was not about setting the slaves free but holding the Union together. By early 1862 Lincoln was beginning to think that some kind of an emancipation order was needed if North was to win. The Proclamation As the war drew on, a number of governments in Europe started to think about recognizing the Confederacy and interceding against the Union. Also at home the Congressional and public opinion grew more towards the fact that slavery was not right and it needed to be abolished as a policy of war. Faced with such mounting pressure from all sides Lincoln felt that if a declaration was made to free the slaves, then European opinion would be with the North, and he would get the support needed for his own administration and the war effort, that he decided to draft the Emancipation Proclamation in 1862 (Emancipation Proclamation). On July 13, 1862, Lincoln read out the prelude proclamation to his Secretaries William H. Seward and Gideon Wells and both were left at a loss for words, and Lincoln did not discuss the matter further. On July 22 Lincoln read the Proclamation at his Cabinet meeting and got a mixed reaction. Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, deciphered the measure as a method of taking the slave labor away from the Confederacy while allowing more men into the Union Army and supported its release as soon as possible, the Postmaster General Montgomery Blair predicted doom in the fall elections, while the Attorney General Edward Bates was against equality in the political and civil arena for the Blacks. Since the President was not concerned about his Cabinet’s view of the substance of the Proclamation only its style, the direction on future action was set (www. memory. loc. gov). To show that the proclamation was being issued out of strength and not a sign of weakness, Secretary of State Seward recommended that Lincoln not issue it until there was some significant Union victory. The opportunity presented itself when there was a Union victory at Antietam on September 22, 1862 and five days after that Lincoln issued the Proclamation which became effective on January 1, 1863. The chief function of the proclamation was to bring peace back and restore Union control, and was perceived as a firm commitment to abolish slavery. Proclamation also turned around the strengths of the warring parties by taking away the slave labor from the confederates, whose backbone in war efforts was formed by the slaves and gave this advantage to the Union (Borade). England and France were dependent upon the cotton they got from the South, and the Confederacy was hopeful that these countries would enter the war on their side. By turning the war into a fight against slavery, England and France sided with the Union because their citizens were against slavery (Emancipation Proclamation Prliminary Events, 2009). The purpose of limiting the proclamation to a few states was because Lincoln had the authority to take such an action on his own, a proclamation like this would not have Constitutional power over Union states since they had certain rights (The Emancipation Proclamation). In reality the proclamation freed very few slaves, because the border states fighting for the Union were not affected by it, nor were the southern areas already under Union control, and the rebellious states ignored the order. The Emancipation Proclamation is made up of two executive orders; the first order stated that if the breakaway did not put an end to the war and return to the Union by 1 January 1863, then all the slaves in the Confederate States would be set free. The second order listed the specific states to which the order applied. The Proclamation also had clauses which focused on rebellion and how to do away with it. It was stated that any individual starting a rebellion would be incarcerated for ten years and would be fined ten thousand dollars. If on the other hand, the individual freed his slaves, the court would not punish them (Borade). The proclamation also said that freed slaves who met with the necessary requirements would be allowed into the armed services of the Union, which was a major shift from the previous policy. The original Emancipation Proclamation is housed in the National Archives in Washington D. C. , and covers five pages of text. It was held together with thin red and blue ribbons which were stuck to the page that has signatures by the seal of the United States. The emancipation document was transferred from the Department of State to the National Archives in 1936 (Emancipation Proclamation). Works Cited Borade, G. (n. d. ). Purpose and Effects of the Emancipation Proclamation. Retrieved August 3, 2010, from www. buzzle. com: http:/www. buzzle. com/articles/purpose-and-effects-of-the-emancipation-proclamation. html Emancipation Proclamation. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 3, 2010, from www. archives. gov: http://www. archives. gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation/ Emancipation Proclamation. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 2, 2010, from www. Encyclopaedia Britannica: http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/185468/Emancipation-Proclamation Emancipation Proclamation Prliminary Events. (2009, January 01). Retrieved August 03, 2010, from www. robinsonlibrary. com: http://robinsonlibrary. com/america/unitedstates/1783/slavery/emancipation. htm PBS. (n. d. ). www. pbs. org. Retrieved August 2, 2010, from http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967. html The Emancipation Proclamation. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 3, 2010, from www. usconstitution. net: http://www. usconstitution. net/eman. html www. memory. loc. gov. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 2, 2010, from http://memory. loc. gov/ammem/alhtml/almintr. html

Effectiveness of Performance Related Pay: NHS Case Study

Effectiveness of Performance Related Pay: NHS Case Study Executive Summary The following report evaluates how the aims of Performance Related Pay (PRP) schemes are underpinned by theory, focuses on how PRP theory relates to the aims and objectives of the NHS and considers how effective the current PRP policy is within the NHS with specific focus on whether the current scheme meets the needs of the current NHS organisation. The NHS has seen relative success where PRP schemes have been applied, with 51% of NHS managers recently commenting that PRP schemes in their trust had resulted in employees working harder. Although 61% of the staff involved with NHS trusts operating these schemes suggested the idea of rewarding performance was divisive and undermined the overall co-operation of its staff . The overall benefits of PRP include facilitating and implementing change in a structured manner, aligning the employees objectives with the wider goals of the organisation and introducing structured rewards in a fair fashion. Although the aims of the PRP scheme may be aligned to the business strategy, they will only succeed if the end goal is enough to motivate the individual. Within the NHS one would suggest there have to be additional concepts for performance management to focus on, such as content, departmental resource and career development for PRP schemes to be a success. When the introduction of PRP to any organisation is applied, it is supposed to encourage fairness and equality with rewards. However criticism of PRP within the NHS organisation suggests that it does not provide fairness and equality. Research has shown that the perception is that PRP benefits those in more fiscal or senior orientated roles than it does for those lower down the organisation. PRP schemes will be hard to introduce to NHS trusts where they do not already exist due to the nature of the structured role orientated pay scale and the inflexible nature of the NHS. This would be further compounded by the unionised nature of the NHS, with the unions likely to resist any move from collectivism to individualism in discussions about pay and contract conditions. Recommendations at the end of the report include consideration to the design of the scheme and how crucial this can be to the schemes future success: the need to manage PRP openly to prevent breakdown of relationships and thus prevent negative impacts on performance overall and the importance of clear management of objectives by individuals best placed to manage their teams. Evaluate how the aims of the Performance Related Payment scheme are underpinned by theory The initial concept of performance related pay (PRP) schemes were introduced as a way to reward employees for completing a specific goal. The sense of reward was expected to act as a motivator therefore the scheme was embraced with high expectations (Daniels, Macdonald, 2005:183). Assessment of organisational reward applications shows that performance is not the only way employees relate to being congratulated on doing a job well. However, it is suggested the benefit of using performance based reward systems has been in the applying of the statistical elements of the method, allowing for a clear and relatively objective means of performance measurement. (Shields, 2007:410/11). This suggests that organisations favour a method which provides a supportive conclusion with quantative evidence to back up decisions made that may favour one individual over another. Secondly the use of PRP schemes have been linked to wider business strategic plans which have sought to align the employees objectives with the wider goals of the organisation (Holbeche, 2009:219). However, performance based reward schemes have been criticised in recent years, despite becoming seen as the norm within organisational structures (Holbeche, 2009:219). Alternative applications can be rewarded through behavioural analysis in line with a set of parameters and goals. However, this method of reward has been argued as being subjective and open to abuse and interpretation (Shields, 2007:410/11). As such the use of performance management against tangible goals as a measure provides something concrete for the employee to be measured against which cannot be refuted (Shields, 2007:411). PRP schemes can however be heavily criticised when there is a belief the targets are not truly achievable (Lai, Tsui, 2009:116). Moreover there is a concern that where targets are consistently not achieved and are deemed inaccurate, the effects can be rapid demotivation with the workforce (Lai, Tsui, 2009:116). An additional aim of PRP can be the encouragement of equality and fairness, this is not that everyone should be paid the same but those that add value are rewarded appropriately in comparison to others that may not contribute to the same level. How does this theory fit into the organisations aims and objectives? The aims and objectives of the NHS centre on measureable statistics such as level of patient care, treatment times, waiting list turnover, number of patients seen and treated, level of discharged patients and sound fiscal management. These are rolled down from central government and managed by the individual NHS Trusts across the country. It is suggested that providing a tangible measure against which to be managed is a key element in the use of PRP within the NHS. The use of tangible goals means the objectives are clear and concise (Shields, 2007:410/11). Furthermore the NHS argues that the use of performance measures means there is an ownership placed onto the employee to perform to their expected level and for their manager to ensure they are learning and developing (Shields, 2007:410/11). The NHS has seen relative success where PRP schemes have been applied (Shields, 2007:411). Under these schemes the employees use individual goal setting applications, which instead of creating conflict; achieved motivation although in-depth assessment of the research found that the goal setting aspect of the measure was the most favoured element (it enabled a clear guide for the reward) the behavioural assessments were deemed subjective (Shields, 2007:411). However one might argue that whilst this may work within a public service sector environment there are contrasts within private industry. The directed use of strategic alignment can pitch departments against each other creating internalised conflict (Schienmann, 2009:142). Furthermore people can be encouraged to apply their focus in a directed way which means they stop looking at the wider picture. In doing this there is the potential to create a funnel and individuals end up working at cross purposes instead of working together (Schienmann, 2009:142). Furthermore contrasting these statistics is the idea that public sector employees see financial reward as a secondary motivator to work harder (OECD, 2005:74). This is supported by research into all public sector environments, which suggests that job content and career development are primary motivators to increase performance (OECD, 2005:74). This is supported with recent research into the NHS management structure. During questioning into applied PRP, 61% of the staff involved with NHS trusts operating these schemes suggested the idea of rewarding performance was divisive and undermined the overall co-operation of its staff (OECD, 2005:73). This was implied to be because there was a lack of team discipline and people worked as individuals. This behaviour was cited as unacceptable within an environment that made life and death choices based on teamwork (OECD, 2005:73). On the other hand the same research contradicts this idea; stating that when questioned 51% of NHS managers suggested that PRP schemes in their trust had resulted in employees working harder (OECD, 2005:74). As such one might argue that the use of performance related pay schemes only work when the individual is financially motivated, and this could be applied to all sectors, public and private. Therefore there is an argument to suggest that although the aims of the PRP scheme may be aligned to the business strategy they will only succeed if the end goal is enough to motivate the individual. Within the NHS one would suggest there have to be additional concepts for performance management to focus on such as content, departmental resource and career development. Although the theory of PRP may be applicable, the practice does not necessarily translate into a high performing team. Critically Evaluate the Effectiveness of this Scheme One might debate the effectiveness of the performance related pay schemes within the NHS depending on the expected outcome. It is assumed that the expectation within employee groups from the introduction of PRP is increased morale and improved performance which therefore increases operational output (Lai, Tsui, 2009:116). Yet it should also be considered that the scheme can be used as a method to employ goal setting policy within an establishment where this has not been done before. Research suggests that the introduction of PRP validates the implementation of goal setting within public sector environments regardless of motivational output (OECD, 2005:76).This could be considered a significant benefit of the application of PRP within a wider assessment of the scheme. Furthermore the implementation of PRP provides the opportunity to redefine established organisational performance norms (OECD, 2005:76) and allow the NHS the advantage of being able to implement change in a structured manner. However it can also be argued that change in itself carries the potential for overall internalised threat (Huston, Marquis, 2008:178). Research suggests that when not welcomed, change has the ability to inject conflict into the organisational structure (Huston, Marquis, 2008:178). This means the focus moves away from the primary strategic aim. Moreover, conflict can send negativity around the workplace, ensuring non-compliance, and removing any degree of support for any performance based schemes (Huston, Marquis, 2008:178). Unfortunately it would appear the scale for conflict is high within the NHS when PRP is discussed. If the trust is considered as a business organisation the application of PRP means that pay adjustments can be applied in a measured way which can therefore become a strength (OECD, 2005:76). However, this means the counter argument becomes a weakness from the employees perspective (OECD, 2005:76). As such one would argue that changing to a PRP scheme will reduce the involvement of the trade unions because the focus moves from collectivism to individualism as a discipline (Gall, 2003:13). This could be seen as a weakness because unlike privatised industry the NHS environment is cited as being more static with less flexibility between positions and employee expectations (Gall, 2003:13). It is suggested that the termination of the collectivism power would leave NHS staff negotiating for contracts in the same way private industry do. This leaves the employees open to increased discrimination between financial rewards at the same grade levels. This is seen with the introduction of flexible working hours for employees, which effectively abolishes the overtime model for staff, and the theory implies that staff would no longer be financially compensated for working additional hours over their standard agreed contract rate (OECD, 2005:76). On the other hand the introduction of flexible working is defended as necessary within modern society. As such this implies that the change in financial application by moving to PRP incentives should not be seen as a weakness but a strength or opportunity to open the job market up to new applicants. Moreover research suggests that the use of performance related pay within the NHS environment provides a recruitment incentive and improves staff retention in the long term (OECD, 2005:76). Conclude whether the scheme meets the needs of the organisation One might argue that the introduction of PRP to any organisation is applied to encourage fairness and equality with rewards (Redman, Wilkinson, 2009:160). However criticism of PRP within the NHS organisation suggests that it does not provide fairness and equality with its rewards (Abel, Esmail, 2006). Research suggests that although PRP is adopted, there are inherent weaknesses in the application of the initiative and previous discriminations against gender and ethnicity remain prevalent despite the results of performance based measures (Abel, Esmail, 2006). This is further supported with a government review of the NHS performance review process. This research found a large number of consultants who voiced their concerns over both racial and gender discrimination within the PRP, however they also suggested discrimination based on their medical specialism and the degree to which the individual contributed towards management decisions existed alongside traditional discriminations (Abel, Esmail, 2006). Thus one may suggest that the performance reviews favoured those who worked in more high profile specialisms, which could provide additional funding. On the flip side of this discussion however is the consideration that those lower in the organisational structure would welcome the opportunity for performance based pay rewards in order to grow their roles and develop their careers. However this research implies their performance is isolated in comparison to that which benefits the wider business model needs. In recent research conducted in this area it was concluded that incentive polices such as PRP have provided a positive knock on effect where quality and safety are concerned. This point is interesting as in an environment such as nursing, one would have assumed quality of care and safety are principle fundamentals of patient expectations. However performance is massively improved when the employee is offered additional reward for reaching targets in these fields (Kurtzman et al, 2011). The research however goes on to suggest that the use of incentive schemes place an increased burden and creates a blame culture for nurses without addressing the infra-structure needs that the NHS trusts require to meet the targets set for them, This shows that the adaptation of PRP can be seen as being a double edged sword within the NHS system (Kurtzman et al, 2011). Report Conclusion The research appears to suggest that the performance based incentive schemes meet the base needs of the NHS as they make the basic principles of nursing happen in accordance with expectations. However an incentive scheme such as PRP cannot overcome the lack of adequate environment, staffing levels and low salary level. As such this implies that performance based pay does not work as a motivator for the existing workforce. Neither would one conclude that it works as a recruitment incentive as was previously suggested. Instead the implication is that the use of performance based incentive schemes means that those with power can continue to reward those they single out for success, whilst the remainder of the workplace organisation are left to manage with inadequate environments in which to meet the targets they are given. One might determine an outcome borne from two potential directions. In one case if the NHS is seen as an organisational structure and not as a public service, the use of PRP may be seen as successful. As a scheme this allows management to reward those individuals who are benefiting the NHS. From within this it can be assumed the discrimination that occurs is justified. However on the other side if the NHS is viewed as a public service with its key members being the front line staff, one would have to conclude that PRP does not benefit the needs of the organisation. Nursing graduates are decreasing in numbers; the vocation is increasingly seen as a difficult environment with insufficient financial reward and high expectations (Chitty, 2005:36). Following these arguments one would have to conclude that the use of a PRP scheme would provide the NHS with specific benefits when linked into an open environment which supported fairness and equality. However the current organisational structure of the NHS is not conducive to producing the environment needed to make this ideology successful. Instead work is perhaps needed with the basic infrastructure of the NHS organisation before additional performance plans will be able to achieve the required outcome for the operation. Recommendations for the management of PRP within the NHS There are several recommendations to be made for the management of pay within the NHS. These are as follows; Design of the scheme When PRP schemes are adopted, the design of them is crucial to their success and application (Redman, Wilkinson, 2009:134). Not only is it necessary to consider what will work for the majority of the workforce, but it is also vital to link the work of the individual into the wider team dynamic (OECD, 2005:86). As such when incentive schemes are applied, the link between teamwork and the individual is necessary in order to ensure a performance measure that involves the wider strategic picture of the organisation (OECD, 2005:86). In the case of the NHS this would be rectified through adapting some of the schemes considered elitist and improving some of the base working conditions which affect a wider degree of the working population. One would assume this will improve morale and create a workforce that wants to achieve targets and attain performance rewards. Communication When introducing performance related ideology the implementation has to be anticipated and managed openly (OECD, 2005:86). When relationships break down internally the need for consolidated teamwork becomes harder, this affects all forms of performance (Redman, Wilkinson, 2009:134). Within the NHS business model this argument is applied especially when managing trade union relationships (OECD, 2005:86), especially because this sector is driven by collective bargaining Furthermore this is particularly relevant because the core competencies of the roles have to be the same within the medical profession. The hierarchy has to be clearly defined by actual role competencies which enable staggered payments. Therefore performance based payment becomes harder to manage because each level should work at the same rate. Moreover this suggests the link between performance based pay and goal setting is vital in ensuring that employees are enabled to achieve and maintain their goals within fair and attainable means (OCED, 2005:87). Measurable Objectives Within the NHS organisational model one would assume targets for performance will centre on measureable statistics such as treatment times, waiting list turnover, number of patients seen and treated, level of discharged patients. These provide clear and measureable targets for people to meet and the measure is quantitative therefore enabling a degree of concise clarity to the measure. However research shows that providing clear statistical measures within the NHS model results in internalised pressure which manifests through the lower ranks (Kurtzman et al, 2011). Therefore one would argue this supports the need to correct the basic infrastructure within the organisations, prior to implementing reward schemes for employees. Management of Objectives When applied, the goals provided must be clearly managed by team leaders within the confines of the department or ward. This means the head medical staff responsible for these staff members have to take on a level of responsibility for managing their team as well as coping with their medical expectations. One might argue this is especially difficult within the NHS model and compounds the issue of burden and blame as medical professionals find themselves having to become more like managers (Kurtzman et al, 2011). This is known to be a contentious argument for medical professionals who chose their roles as vocations (Kurtzman et al, 2011). Stimulate Change Research suggests that performance related incentives should be used as a way to stimulate and introduce change into organisational structures (Redman, Wilkinson, 2009:135). This can be achieved through challenging the status quo and looking at new ways to manage (OECD, 2005:89). It could therefore be supported that the introduction of performance related pay into NHS trust models is applicable. As an observer one may assume the NHS organisational model has not particularly been challenged in decades, thus this strategy enables a fresh way of adapting new methods.

Dietrich Bonhoeffer :: Essays Papers

Dietrich Bonhoeffer Dietrich Bonhoeffer was born on February 4th 1906, as a son of a professor of psychiatry and neurology at the University of Berlin. Throughout his early life he was an outstanding student, and when he finally reached the age of 25 he became a lecturer in systematic theology at the University Berlin. Something that is very striking is that when Hitler came to power in 1933, Bonhoeffer became a leading spokesman for the Confessing Church, the center of Protestant resistance to the Nazis. He organized and for a shot amount of time he led the underground seminary of the Confessing Church. His book Life Together describes the life of the Christian community in that seminary, and his book The Cost Of Discipleship attacks what he calls "cheap grace," meaning that grace used as an excuse for moral laxity. Bonhoeffer had been taught not to "resist the powers that be," but he came to a conclusion to believe that to do so was sometimes the right choice. In 1939 his brother-in-law introduced him to a group planning the overthrow of Hitler, and he made significant contributions to their work. (Bonhoeffer at this time was an employee of the Military Intelligence Department.) He was later arrested in April of 1943 and imprisoned in Berlin. After the failure of the attempt on Hitler's life in April of 1944, he was first sent to Buchenwald and then to Schoenberg Prison. Bonhoeffer was almost killed, but was lucky as his life was spared, because he had a relative who stood high in the government; but then this relative was himself implicated in anti-Nazi plots. On Sunday 8 Dietrich Bonhoeffer :: Essays Papers Dietrich Bonhoeffer Dietrich Bonhoeffer was born on February 4th 1906, as a son of a professor of psychiatry and neurology at the University of Berlin. Throughout his early life he was an outstanding student, and when he finally reached the age of 25 he became a lecturer in systematic theology at the University Berlin. Something that is very striking is that when Hitler came to power in 1933, Bonhoeffer became a leading spokesman for the Confessing Church, the center of Protestant resistance to the Nazis. He organized and for a shot amount of time he led the underground seminary of the Confessing Church. His book Life Together describes the life of the Christian community in that seminary, and his book The Cost Of Discipleship attacks what he calls "cheap grace," meaning that grace used as an excuse for moral laxity. Bonhoeffer had been taught not to "resist the powers that be," but he came to a conclusion to believe that to do so was sometimes the right choice. In 1939 his brother-in-law introduced him to a group planning the overthrow of Hitler, and he made significant contributions to their work. (Bonhoeffer at this time was an employee of the Military Intelligence Department.) He was later arrested in April of 1943 and imprisoned in Berlin. After the failure of the attempt on Hitler's life in April of 1944, he was first sent to Buchenwald and then to Schoenberg Prison. Bonhoeffer was almost killed, but was lucky as his life was spared, because he had a relative who stood high in the government; but then this relative was himself implicated in anti-Nazi plots. On Sunday 8

beet lab :: essays research papers

MATERIAL AND METHODS Stability of cell membrane using pH For the lab experiment for testing the stability of beet cell membranes using pH, many materials were used as follows. Obtaining a beet we punch out cores, using a cork borer. After washing the cores we put each one inside a separate test tube, and added a different pH solution in each one. After 3 minutes in these exposure solutions, we took the beet out with a dissecting needle. Then transferred each beet to a separate test tube containing deionized water. After 20 minutes in these diffusion solutions, we took the beets out with a dissecting needle and discard it. We then stirred each solution in the test tube with a stirring rod, and transferred it to a cuvette. A spectrophotometer was then calibrated, and used to measure the absorbance of each exposure solution, and diffusion solution. Membrane Damage For the lab experiment for Membrane Damage, we tested the extract pigment and diluted it. When the pH solutions are added, this will cause it to be in a range of absorbance. We used materials as follows. Obtaining a beet we proceeded to cut small individual cubes. We then rinse each cube to remove any damaged pigments with deionized water. Using a blender, we blend the beets with 15 mL of pH 7 DI water. After blending we used cheesecloth to separate the liquid from the solids for easier centrifuge process. Then we put the liquid beet into a centrifuge tube and centrifuge it for 5 minutes at 2500 rpm. We then remove the supernatant into a beaker, and discarded the sediment. Using a 1:4 ratio mixture of the supernatant and deionized water, we made a stock solution. We then tested the stock solution’s absorbance with a spectrophotometer, and place 1 mL of the solution into separate test tubes. Next we added an additional 4 mL of pH solutions in the 2-11 range into each test tube. After mixing, we tested the absorbance for each solution using a spectrophotometer. Mixing the Diffusion and Exposure Solution For the lab experiment of mixing the diffusion and exposure solution, we are going to test if the pigment is released in the exposure solution. We used materials as follows: Obtaining a beet, we punched out 2 cm long beets using a cork borer. Then we wash the beets in running water, after that we prepared 10 test tubes each containing different pH solution.